Difference between CID and CBI

About CBI

Originally founded in 1941 as the Special Police Establishment, the CBI was tasked with looking into allegations of procurement corruption during World War II.

The CBI's formation was later suggested by the Santhanam Committee on Prevention of Corruption. Then, the Home Affairs Ministry passed a resolution creating the CBI. Later on, the Ministry of Personnel assumed control of the CBI's duties and is currently acting as an associated office.

Functions of CBI

• The primary investigating body under the GOI is the CBI. It is not a body established by statute; rather, the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act of 1946 gives it authority.
• Preventing corruption and upholding integrity in administration is a crucial function. It handles issues relating to the Prevention of Corruption Act of 1988 under the direction of the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC).
• Conduct inquiries into instances involving violations of economic and fiscal legislation, such as those pertaining to export and import management, income tax, foreign currency policies, customs and central excise, etc. However, cases of this kind are taken up by the CBI either at the department's request or after consulting with it.
• Examine significant crimes perpetrated by organized gangs or professional criminals that have consequences on a national and worldwide scale.
• To organize state police forces' and anti-corruption organizations' actions.
• Any matter of public concern may be brought before the CBI for investigation at the request of a state government.
• Preserving data on crimes and sharing information about crimes.
• The Indian government's envoy for letters exchanged with INTERPOL

Issues Associated with CBI

• Because a large number of the agency's investigators are from the Indian Police Service, it depends on the Home Ministry for manpower. The CBI lacks limited functional autonomy and depends on the Ministry of Law for legal assistance.
• Because the top officials of the CBI are deputation IPS personnel and rely on the Central government for future postings, they are likewise susceptible to manipulation by the government.
• Given that the Constitution assigns police authority to the State and because the CBI operates as a police agency in accordance with the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), the State government's approval is required before the CBI may establish itself in that State. Because of this, there may be a quiet impasse in some circumstances and no investigation. Recent withdrawals of approval have come from West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh (where consent was once again granted following a change of government).
• Due to political pressure, the CBI, which looks into matters of national importance, has been criticized for treating many SCOMs improperly. Interference in the investigations of well-known politicians, like Jayalalithaa, P V. Narasimha Rao, Lalu Prasad Yadav, Mulayam Singh Yadav, and Mayawati, has also been criticized; this strategy results in their non-prosecution or acquittal. The Hawala incident is one instance of how CRI was used improperly. Coal, the Bofors affair, the 26-spectrum swindle, and so on.
• Any organization's ability to function depends on its financial independence.

About CID

Originating from the Criminal Investigation Departments of British police forces, a criminal Branch, sometimes known as a Crime Investigation Department (CID), is a branch of state police departments in India that is in charge of criminal investigation. The Director General of Police (ADGP) or Additional Director General of Police (DDG) is in charge of this branch of the state police that specializes in investigations.

Drawing from the recommendations of the Andrew Fraser-chaired Indian Police Commission, the British Government established the first CID in 1902. An effigy of Rai Bahadur Pandit Shambhu Nath, King's Police Medalist (KPM) and "Father of Indian CID," may be seen at the entrance of the CID headquarters on Gokhale Marg, Kolkata. The Special Branch of the CID was created in 1929.

Although many states refer to their Criminal Investigation Departments (CIDs) by this name, certain states have distinct titles for them. The Crime Investigation Department (CID) is referred to as such in Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and *. It's referred to as the Criminal Investigation Department in Assam, Bihar, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Jammu & Kashmir. Tamil Nadu refers to the Crime Branch-Criminal Investigation Department (CB-CID) as opposed to Tamil Nadu, which refers to the CID as the Crime Branch. The Punjab Bureau of Investigation, or BoI, is the official name of the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) of that state.

Under the leadership of an official with the rank of Additional Director General of Police, the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) operates. As in the case of law and order police, the Crime Branch, often known as the CID, has a hierarchy that extends to the position of Additional Director General of Police. Chief inspectors, deputy chief inspectors, superintendents, and sub-inspectors are among the senior personnel in the Crime Branch. Before their normal police rank, officers and personnel assigned to this wing typically have the prefix "detective" before them.

Functions of CID

A few additional duties performed by the criminal investigation department as a result of the increasing complexity of crimes and working environments are as follows:

• Entrusting cases to the Government and DGP for registration, investigation, detection, and prosecution belong to a specific type of cases.
• Investigating matters in accordance with established protocols under certain circumstances.
• In order to enhance crime prevention, detection, investigation, and prosecution, criminal intelligence system upkeep, usage, and updating, crime and criminal records, planning and execution of criminal intelligence systems, and crime analysis are all important.
• Cooperation with national, state, and local institutions and organizations that handle crime investigation and the upkeep of criminal and crime records.
• FPB and SCRIB's modernization and their effective, autonomous, and professional operation.
• Regarding topics pertaining to investigation and prosecution, advise, support, and report to the DGP and Government.
• Promptly sending reports and returns to the relevant State and Federal government offices.
• Answer inquiries on crime and other State Police-related topics from the Parliamentary and Assembly, except queries about strictly administrative matters.
• Launch rescue operations in situations involving human trafficking and work with non-governmental organizations to provide post-rescue victim care and protection.
• Keep a record of all r/o cases that are pending trial, court orders, and disposals.
• In order to file an appeal, review, and report on judgments.
• Review and document sources on criminal law and other legal topics.
• Research and collaboration with I/Os are necessary to support the prosecution's presentation of evidence in significant instances.
• Police officers get identity cards from the photographic cell.
• Keep up the dog squad and use their services to help the Special Branch and the district track down criminals, check for drugs and explosives and perform anti-sabotage checks.
• In order to help and support the district police, CB-CID will either take on the full investigation of a case or send one or more of its specialised investigating officers or civilian experts to the district police. This assistance may include technical support, criminal intelligence and information sharing, crime analysis, and specific advice on investigation or coordination between the state and other states, as well as obtaining investigative assistance from other states and nations.

Issues Associated with CID

• Within the topic of criminal investigation, this anthology looks at new issues, methods, and research discoveries.
• The first article looks at the moral conundrums that detectives encounter in fields including drug enforcement, entrapment, deceit in court, and questioning. Also offered are solutions to these problems.
• The functions of crime pattern analysis, its historical evolution, and the functioning of three crime pattern analysis units are all covered in the second article.
• The third article looks at the conventional investigative function, presents arguments for the usefulness of the predictive approach in police investigations, and explores descriptive, explanatory, and predictive techniques of scientific research.
• The aspects of formal and informal (traditional) procedures for managing confidential informants are examined, along with the motivations and motives of police informants, in the following study.
• The fifth article examines crime scene warrant requirements and voluntariness requirements in police interrogations in light of the Mincey v. Arizona ruling.
• The following pick explores challenges in analyzing data gathered via electronic surveillance and makes a case for reassessing the advantages and disadvantages of this kind of investigation.
• The seventh study looks at the prevalence and features of autoerotic fatalities in Illinois and offers suggestions for telling these unintentional deaths apart from suicides.
• In the last contribution, the results of research on judges' opinions on police testimony are presented, along with how officers' demeanor, preparedness, and courtroom appearance affect their credibility as witnesses.

Difference Between CBI and CID

The responsibility of looking into criminal matters falls to both the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) and the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), although their functions and responsibilities are different and they operate under separate jurisdictions. The organization, authority, duties, and operational scope distinctions between the CBI and CID are discussed in detail below.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the CBI and CID have separate tasks, powers, and structures, and although they are both entrusted with looking into criminal matters, they operate at different levels of jurisdiction. Whereas the CID functions at the state level, supporting local police in their investigation of major crimes within the state's authority, the CBI is a central body that handles high-profile cases of corruption of national relevance throughout India. These organizations are essential to preserving the nation's legal system and law and order, notwithstanding their disagreements.

FAQs

Q1. What is the main distinction between CBI and CID?

A. Their sphere of influence and areas of action are where they diverge most. The Government of India's premier investigative agency, the CBI, is in charge of looking into instances of national significance, corruption, financial crimes, and unusual crimes all throughout the nation. However, in every Indian state, the CID functions as a state-level investigative body that supports local law enforcement in looking into significant offences that fall under the purview of the state.

Q2. Who is in charge of CID and CBI operations?

A. Typically, an Additional Director General of Police (ADGP) or Director General of Police (DGP) nominated by the state government leads the CID, which functions under the state police department. As an example, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is run by a Central Government-appointed Director and is under the purview of the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances, and Pensions.

Q3. What categories of cases do these agencies look into?

A. High-profile corruption cases, significant economic offenses, unique crimes, and cases of national importance are the main types of cases that the CBI looks at. This covers situations that have consequences on an interstate or global level. Comparatively, the CID looks into a variety of state-wide criminal matters, including terrorism, cybercrime, organized crime, rape, and murder.

Q4. Do the CBI and CID possess distinct jurisdictions and powers?

A. In accordance with the laws and jurisdictions in each case, the CID and CBI have different rights and authorities. With the Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE) Act 1946, the CBI was given broad authority to look into crimes all throughout India and to ask other law enforcement organizations for help. Similar to municipal police operating inside state borders, the CID is governed by the same set of laws as well as the state's criminal process code.

Q5. In terms of organization and structure, how are CID and CBI different?

A. The Special Crimes Division, the Economic Offences Division, and the Anti-Corruption Division are just a few of the specialized sections that make up the CBI, a centralized organization with its main office in New Delhi. With its own hierarchy of officials, it works throughout the entire nation. However, each state's CID functions as a specialized unit inside the state police department, led by a senior officer, and may have many branches or sections that are focused on different kinds of criminal activity.