What is Dart Programming

Dart is an open-source, general-purpose, object-oriented programming language with C-style syntax developed by Google in 2011. The purpose of Dart programming is to create a frontend user interfaces for the web and mobile apps. It is under active development, compiled to native machine code for building mobile apps, inspired by other programming languages such as Java, JavaScript, C#, and is Strongly Typed. Since Dart is a compiled language so you cannot execute your code directly; instead, the compiler parses it and transfer it into machine code.

It supports most of the common concepts of programming languages like classes, interfaces, functions, unlike other programming languages. Dart language does not support arrays directly. It supports collection, which is used to replicate the data structure such as arrays, generics, and optional typing.

The following example shows simple Dart programming.

void main() {
  for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
    print('hello ${i + 1}');
  }
}

Data Type

Dart is a Strongly Typed programming language. It means, each value you use in your programming language has a type either string or number and must be known when the code is compiled. Here, we are going to discuss the most common basic data types used in the Dart programming language.

Data Type	Example	Descriptions
String	String myName = 'javatpoint';	It holds text. In this, you can use single or double quotation marks. Once you decide the quotation marks, you should have to be consistent with your choice.
num, int, double	int age = 25; double price = 125.50;	The num data type stands for a number. Dart has two types of numbers: Integer (It is a number without a decimal place.) Double (It is a number with a decimal place.)
Boolean	bool var_name = true; Or bool var_name = false;	It uses the bool keyword to represents the Boolean value true and false.
object	Person = Person()	Generally, everything in Dart is an object (e.g., Integer, String). But an object can also be more complex.

Variables and Functions

Variables are the namespace in memory that stores values. The name of a variable is called as identifiers. They are the data containers, which can store the value of any type. For example:

Here, myAge is a variable that stores an integer value 50. We can also give it int and double. However, Dart has a feature Type Inference, which infers the types of values. So, if you create a variable with a var keyword, Dart can infer that variable as of type integer.

Besides variable, Functions are another core feature of any programming language. Functions are a set of statements that performs a specific task. They are organized into the logical blocks of code that are readable, maintainable, and reusable. The function declaration contains the function name, return type, and parameters. The following example explains the function used in Dart programming.

//Function declaration
num addNumbers(num a, num b) {
    // Here, we use num as a type because it should work with int and double both.
    return a + b;
}
var price1 = 29.99;
var price2 = 20.81;
var total = addNumbers(price1, price2);
var num1 = 10;
var num2 = 45;
var total2 = addNumbers(num1, num2);

Operators

Dart language supports all operators, as you are familiar with other programming languages such as C, Kotlin, and Swift. The operator's name is listed below:

Arithmetic
Equality
Increment and Decrement
Logical
Comparison

Decision Making and Loops

The decision-making is a feature that allows you to evaluate a condition before the instructions are executed. The Dart language supports the following types of decision-making statements:

If statement
If-else statement
Switch statement

The below diagram explains it more clearly.

Example

void main() { 
   var num = 12; 
   if (num % 2 = = 0) { 
      print("Number is Even."); 
   } else { 
      print("Number is Odd."); 
   } 
}

Loops are used to execute a block of code repeatedly until a specified condition becomes true. Dart language supports the following types of loop statements:

for
for..in
while
do..while

The below diagram explains it more clearly.

Example

void main() { 
   var name = ["Peter", "Rinky Ponting", "Abhishek"]; 
   
   for (var prop in name) { 
      print(prop); 
   } 
}

Comments

Comments are the lines of non-executable code. They are one of the main aspects of all programming languages. The purpose of this is to provide information about the project, variable, or an operation. There are three types of comments in Dart programming:

Make format comments: It is a single line comment (//)
Block Comments: It is a multi-line comment (/*...*/)
Doc Comments: It is a document comment that used for member and types (///)

Continue and Break

Dart has also used the continue and break keyword in the loop, and elsewhere it required. The continue statement allows you to skip the remaining code inside the loop and immediately jump to the next iteration of the loop. We can understand it from the following example.

Example

void main() { 
  for(int i=1;i<=10;i++){  
    if(i==5){  
      print("Hello");
      continue; //it will skip the rest statement      
    }  
    print(i);  
  } 
}

The break statement allows you to terminate or stops the current flow of a program and continues execution after the body of the loop. The following example gives a detailed explanation.

Example

void main() { 
  for(int i=1;i<=10;i++){  
    if(i==5){  
      print("Hello");
      break;//it will terminate the rest statement      
    }  
    print(i);  
  } 
}

Final and Const Keyword

We can use a final keyword to restrict the user. It can be applied in many contexts, such as variables, classes, and methods.

Const keyword is used to declare constant. We cannot change the value of the const keyword after assigning it.

Example

void main() { 
  final a = 100;
  const pi = 3.14;
  print(a);
  print(pi);
}

Object-Oriented Programming

Dart is an object-oriented programming language, which means every value in a Dart is an object. A number is also an object in Dart language. Dart programming supports the concept of OOPs features like objects, classes, interfaces, etc.

Object: An object is an entity, which has state and behavior. It can be physical or logical. In Dart, every value is an object, even primitive values like text and number. Dart can also allow you to build your custom object to express more complex relations between data.

Class: A class is a collection of objects. It means the objects are created with the help of classes because every object needs a blueprint based on which you can create an individual object. A class definition includes the following things:

Fields
Methods
Constructor
Getters and setters

Let us see an example, which helps you to understand the OOPs concept easily.

class Mobile {
  // Property Declaration
  String color, brandName, modelName;
  
  // Method Creation
  String calling() {
    return "Mobile can do call to everyone.";
  }
  String musicPlay() {
    return "Mobile can play all types of Music.";
  }
  String clickPicture() {
    return "Mobile can take pictures.";
  }
}

void main() {
  // Object Creation
  var myMob = new Mobile(); 
  
  // Accessing Class's Property
  myMob.color = "Black"; 
  myMob.brandName = "Apple Inc.";
  myMob.modelName = "iPhone 11 Pro";
  
  //Display Output
  print(myMob.color);
  print(myMob.modelName);
  print(myMob.brandName);
  print(myMob.calling());
  print(myMob.musicPlay());
  print(myMob.clickPicture());
}

In the above example, we define a class Mobile, which has three variables of string type and three functions or methods. Then, we create a main function which Dart will execute first when your app starts. Inside the main, we create an object to access the class's properties. Finally, we print the output.

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