Difference Between Archaebacteria vs Eubacteria

There are two divisions of the Kingdom Monera: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. Microscopic organisms from the prokaryotic, single-celled Kingdom Monera are the least structured. The term "Eubacteria" and "Archaebacteria" refer to True bacteria and ancient bacteria, respectively. In contrast to eubacteria, which are found everywhere on Earth, archaebacteria are only found in harsh environments.

Being among the least structured unicellular prokaryotes, both bacteria are comparable to one another and share the trait of possessing flagella. But they also vary greatly in a number of ways. Let's discuss Eubacteria and Archaebacteria in detail, taking into account all of their similarity and contrasts.

What are Bacteria?

Single-celled microbes which are microscopic are known as bacteria. Almost every place on Earth has bacteria, which are essential to the health of the planet's ecosystems. Extreme pressure and temperature are not a problem for certain animals. The average person's body is teeming with germs, and it's thought that bacterial cells outnumber human cells. The majority of microorganisms in the body are benign, and some are even beneficial. The disease is caused by a very limited number of species.

Microorganisms called bacteria may take on many different forms. There are three different shapes that they may take: spheres, rods, and spirals. There are pathogenic, or harmful, bacteria that cause illness, but there are also helpful bacteria. For instance, the bacteria that live in the stomach and the digestive tract of humans are crucial to maintaining proper bodily functions.

In our bodies, there are ten times as many bacterial cells as human cells, which is an intriguing fact regarding bacteria. Also crucial to biotechnology is the role of bacteria. They play a crucial role in the body's ability to maintain itself in a healthy way, which is another reason why they are so crucial. There are many different forms of bacteria, including the Monera kingdom.

Monera

Microbiological creatures lack a nucleus, and the majority of them are made up of single-celled organisms, monera are the initial five kingdoms in the categorization scheme. The taxon Monera was first suggested by Ernst Haeckel in 1866. Archaebacteria and eubacteria are the two groups of the Monera phylum. There aren't thought to be any shared recent ancestors in this kingdom. All bacterial species belong to this kingdom. In 1675, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek found the first bacteria, which he dubbed "animalcules."

This bacterium was placed under the class Vermes in the Animalia phylum. This kingdom is home to the earliest known microbes that have ever existed on Earth. Since these organisms don't have nuclei, their genetic material is likewise not encapsulated, but rather is free within the cell. Monera is divided into the following three subkingdoms:

• Archaebacteria
• Cyanobacteria
• Eubacteria

What are Archaebacteria?

Microorganisms with just one cell, known as archaebacteria, may survive under harsh conditions. The kingdom monera includes them as a realm. According to theory, archebacteria developed shortly following the introduction of existence on earth. Hence, they are referred to as old bacteria. Hot springs, salt lakes, seas, grasslands, and soil are all places where archaebacteria may be found. The mouth cavity, gut, and skin of people are other places where they are present.

The carbon and nitrogen cycles are greatly influenced by archaebacteria. They still haven't been shown to have any parasitic or pathogenic effects. Archaebacteria have a wide range of metabolic processes, and they get their carbon and energy from a number of substrates. It is known that binary fission, budding, and fragmentation are all forms of asexual reproduction for archaebacteria.

Archaebacteria have diameters ranging from 0.1 to 15 mm. Archaebacteria may break down a variety of geometries, including spheres, rods, plates, and spirals. Some cells are rectangular or flat. Archaebacteria have pseudo peptidoglycans as part of their cell walls. Archaebacteria have ether-linked, branching aliphatic chains with D-glycerol phosphates as their membrane lipids.

Archaebacteria resemble gram-positive bacteria more closely based on how their cell walls are constructed. A single circular chromosome makes up the archaebacterial genome, and it displays eukaryotic-like translation and transcription processes.

Archaebacteria Types

Archaebacteria may be divided into three major categories. They are categorized according to how closely related they are to one another phylogenetically, and individuals belonging to each kind often exhibit certain traits. The main varieties are:

1. Crenarchaeota: These organisms can tolerate high temperatures quite well. They possess unique proteins and other biochemical components that enable them to maintain operation at temperatures as high as 230° Fahrenheit. In very acidic settings, several Chrenarchaeota may also survive.

Several Crenarchaeota species have been identified to live in deepwater cracks and hot springs, in which the water has already been heated to an extreme temperature by magma below the Earth's surface. According to one concept, the earliest cells may well have formed at deep sea cracks because of the high temperatures and strange chemistries present there.

2. Euryarchaeota: They can live in environments that are quite saline. In addition, they can make methane, something no other living thing on Earth can. The only identified group of organisms, known as euryarchaeota, is capable of carrying out cellular respiration utilizing carbon as an electron acceptor.

Since the ultimate stage in the dissolution of most living beings is the breaking of complex carbon molecules into the simple molecule of methane, this offers them a key environmental habitat. The carbon cycle on Earth would be hampered without methanogens. Euryarchaeota are in charge of all methane gas production in the world. Methanogen archaebacteria are also present in the stomachs of ruminant animals like cows, where bacteria break down sugars present in grass that are indigestible to eukaryotes on their own.

They are also present in marshes and wetlands, where they produce "swamp gas" and contribute to the characteristic smell of marshes. Several methanogens exist in the human stomach and support humans in a similar manner. Moreover, they may be discovered in sediments from the deep ocean, where they generate pockets of methane on the sea bottom.

3. Korarchaeota: It is considered to be the earliest family of archaebacteria, are the least recognize. They could be the oldest living things still on the planet because of this! The hydrothermal conditions where Crenarchaeota may be found also host Korarchaeota. Nonetheless, there are several genes in Korarchaeota that are shared by both Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota, as well as other genes that are unique to these two groups.

This implies to scientists that the Korarchaeota-like progenitor of two other species of archaebacteria may have existed. Natural occurrences of korarchaeota are uncommon, perhaps as a result of other, more recent life forms' superior adaptation to living in contemporary settings. At hot springs and near deep sea cracks, though, Korearchaeota may be discovered.

What are Eubacteria?

Eubacteria are defined as actual bacteria and, as their term suggests, were discovered after Archaebacteria. Eubacteria are present practically all over Earth, in comparison to Archaebacteria, which can only be found in the most difficult environments. They vary in size from 0.5 to 5 microns and may be found in a wide range of sizes and shapes, including filaments, rods, vibrio, and Cocci.

In addition to participating in the nitrogen cycle, they sometimes display parasitic activity. Eubacteria also consist of a single DNA in the shape of elongated chromosomes, much as archaebacteria do. They include ester connections of flat fatty acids within their cellular membranes but lack membrane-bound structures like mitochondria and chloroplast. Peptidoglycans containing muramic acid are present in their cell walls. The gram-positive and gram-negative subgroups of eubacteria are distinguished from the former type of bacteria based on their properties, but the former type of bacteria is not further divided.

Their capacity to react with the stain gives rise to the labels Gram-positive and Gram-negative. Gram-positive bacteria interact with the gram stain and absorb the stain's pigment. The term "gram-negative bacteria" comes from the fact that gram-positive bacteria respond with stains but gram-negative bacteria do not, due to their complicated wall structures. Together with certain sexual strategies like conjugation, these bacteria can reproduce asexually via spores.

Binary fission is a technique used in eubacterial reproduction that involves splitting the parent cell into two separate new cells after the duplication of genetic information. Under adverse situations such a lack of nutrition, exposure to toxins, or radiation, certain bacteria have the capacity to produce spores. These spores are very resilient to poisons, radiation, heat, and dryness despite the fact that they are unable to procreate.

Bacillus and Clostridium, two spore-forming bacteria that are regarded as dangerous pathogens, must be eradicated using sterilizing procedures. Bacterial spores begin to vegetate and multiply once the environmental circumstances are suitable again. Archaebacteria are not as sophisticated as eubacteria due to a few more complicated characteristics. The Krebs cycle and glycolysis are also present in eubacteria. Introns, on the other hand, are found in Archaebacteria but not in the former.

Eubacteria Types

The category of bacteria is divided into several groups based on a variety of factors, such as form (bacillus, coccus, spirochete, or vibrio), oxygen consumption (transcriptional or obligatory aerobes or anaerobes), metabolism (chemosynthetic or photosynthetic), and the structure of their cell walls (Gram-positive or Gram-negative). In general, eubacteria have a single shape. Environmental factors, however, may sometimes cause their form to change. Corynebacterium and Rhizobium are two examples of eubacteria that are often polymorphic.

Cocci bacterium with a rounded shape may also be oval, elongated, or flattened. They are capable of continuing to be joined to one another after division and reproduction. Whereas streptococci refer to the way in which two cells are coupled to one another in a chainlike manner, diplococci refer to the way in which two cells stay connected to one another after reproduction. Tetrads are those that split into two planes and stay in clusters of four cells.

Staphylococci are arranged in sheets or grape-like clusters that are separated into several planes. In opposed to cocci, bacilli bacteria can only divide in one direction, which limits the number of possible groupings. Bacilli may be either solitary, diplo (pairs), or strepto (groups of two) (chains). Coccobacilli is the name given to certain bacilli that resemble cocci and are oval in shape. Vibrio, or spiral bacteria, have one or more twists applied to them to give them the appearance of curved rods. Spirilla refers to helical microbes. These creatures resemble a corkscrew and have hard bodies.

Eubacteria are divided into many phyla. There are species of bacteria within each phylum that are distinguished by certain traits. Following are some examples:

• The majority of gram-negative bacteria are members of the proteobacteria. They are believed to have evolved from predecessors who were photosynthesis-dependent. Betaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Epsilonproteobacteria are the five classes into which proteobacteria are divided.
• The pigment that distinguishes cyanobacteria is blue-green in color. Like plants and algae, they engage in photosynthesis. These microorganisms are crucial in agricultural regions because they can fix a lot of nitrogen in the soil.
• Bacteria that can perform photosynthetic processes make to the chlorobi phylum. These green sulfur bacteria are a part of this phylum. During photosynthesis, chlorosis uses organic substances like acids and carbohydrates to decrease carbon dioxide. With their rods, spirals, cocci, or emerging forms, members of this phylum exhibit a wide range of diversity.
• Members of the Chloroflexi genus of green nonsulfur bacteria, such as Chloroflexi, are capable of photosynthesis.
• Members of the Chlamydiae genus are gram-negative cocci that are pathogenic and have a distinct developmental cycle. Direct touch or breathing respiratory pathways are the two main ways they are passed from one person to another.
• Gram-negative microorganisms that are in the process of budding are known as planctomycetes. Their Genome may resemble bacteria, but their cell wall resembles archaea. Moreover, some of them have organelles that are comparable to eukaryotic organelles.
• The mammalian oral cavity, gastrointestinal system, and thoracic cavity are all home to anaerobic bacteria called bacteroidetes. They are seen in stools and may result in an infection after a surgical procedure or a puncture wound.
• The pleomorphic or spindle-shaped cell shape of fusobacteria which are anaerobic bacteria, is notable.
• Spirochaetes are formed into coils that resemble metal springs. The flagellation occurs. They use axial filaments in their flagella to help them move. In the average human mouth, spirochaetes are found.

Eubacterial Evolution

By studying the DNA molecules of the three distinct kinds of cells (Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, and Eukaryota), it was hypothesized in the 1990s that these are the three basic forms of life. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that each species of a cell has a unique ribosome. The differences in the small RNA component between Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, despite the fact that both are prokaryotes, led to the separation of the two domains.

As archaebacteria can survive in harsh conditions, it is believed that they were the earliest life forms to exist on Earth. The horizontal transmission of genes among the three kinds of cells is supported by molecular theories, and this has an impact on how life evolved.

According to the endosymbiotic idea, certain bacteria have developed into mitochondria & chloroplasts by passing on their genes. So that the process of evolution could continue, mitochondria and chloroplasts were biologically transported across diverse aspects.

Difference Between Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

Prokaryotic bacteria called archaea divide asexually by binary fission, budding, and fragmentation. These creatures, which are classified as ancient bacteria, are extremely specialized. Certain archaea, known as thermophiles, can survive in conditions with little or no oxygen. Some archaea can survive in conditions with high temperatures (methanogens). The only conditions required are high in salt, such as brines, support the growth of halophiles, salt-loving archaea. In various areas of the human body, including the mouth, skin, and colon, archaea bacteria are also present. The majority of the time, archaea bacteria are not harmful.

Originally, the word "bacteria" has been used to refer to all bacteria. Archaebacteria, also known as archaea, and eubacteria, or real bacteria, soon split into two distinct groupings. The only prokaryotes that can be discovered on Earth are eubacteria and archaea. While they have diverse evolutionary paths, they share a progenitor cell. Archaeal & eubacterial cells are both devoid of a nucleus as well as other membrane-bound organelles.

Molecular analysis reveals that the archaea are distinct from bacteria even though they are architecturally identical to them. Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria, for instance, often have an outer coating of peptidoglycan that varies in thickness. To tolerate the interior high osmotic pressure, certain archaea, including methanogens, contain a pseudo peptidoglycan S layer that forms a layer.

1. Define

Archaebacteria: Ancient bacteria are also known as archaebacteria.

Eubacteria: The term "real bacteria" refers to eubacteria.

2. Dimensions

Archaebacteria: Their diameters range from 0.1 to 15 micrometers.

Eubacteria: Each eubacterium has a diameter of 0.5 to 5 m.

3. Shapes

Archaebacteria: It may be found in the following shapes: spheres, rods, plates, spirals, flats, and squares.

Eubacteria: Eubacteria may take the form of rods, filaments, spirochetes, cocci, bacilli, or vibrios.

4. Complexity

Archaebacteria: They are simplistic in their organizational structure and lack complexity.

Eubacteria: Compared to archaebacteria, eubacteria are more complicated.

5. Habitat

Archaebacteria: Environmental factors are where archaebacteria may be found.

Eubacteria: Eubacteria may be found all around the planet.

6. Cell Wall

Archaebacteria: Pseudo-peptidoglycans make up the cell wall.

Eubacteria: Peptidoglycans containing muramic acid make up the cell wall.

7. Membrane Lipids

Archaebacteria: Archaebacteria's membrane lipids are composed of D-glycerol phosphate and are composed of ether-linked, branching, aliphatic chains.

Eubacteria: The lipids that make up their membranes are straight chains of fatty acids that are ester-linked and include L-glycerol phosphates.

8. RNA Polymerase

Archaebacteria: Archaebacteria's RNA polymerase has a complicated subunit pattern that is comparable to eukaryotic RNA polymerase.

Eubacteria: The RNA polymerase of eubacteria has a straightforward subunit arrangement.

9. RNA Transfer

Archaebacteria: The methionine-carrying TC arm of the tRNA lacks thymine.

Eubacteria: Thymine, which transports N-formyl methionine, is found in the majority of tRNA.

10. Introns

Archaebacteria: Archaebacteria include introns.

Eubacteria: In regard to eubacteria, introns are not present.

11. Development and Reproduction

Archaebacteria: Asexual reproduction techniques used by archaebacteria during reproduction include binary fission, budding, and fragmentation.

Eubacteria: In addition to binary fission, budding, and fragmentation, eubacteria may also produce spores in order to hibernate under adverse circumstances.

12. Glucolysis and the Kreb's cycle

Archaebacteria: These microorganisms don't have glycolysis or the Kreb cycle.

Eubacteria: Eubacteria are capable of Krebs' cycle and glycolysis.

13. Sub-Divisions

Archaebacteria: Archaebacteria come in three different varieties: methanogens, halophiles, and thermophiles.

Eubacteria: Gram-positive and gram-negative eubacteria are the two different forms of eubacteria.

14. Examples

Archaebacteria: Varieties of archaebacteria includes Halobacterium, Lokiarchaeum, Thermoproteus, Pyrobaculum, Thermoplasma, and Ferroplasma.

Eubacteria: Samples of eubacteria include Mycobacteria, Bacillus, Sporohalobacter, Clostridium, and Anaerobacter.

Conclusion

The three components that make up the kingdom monera are archaebacteria, eubacteria, and cyanobacteria. Although eubacteria are referred to as actual bacteria, archaebacteria are referred to as ancient bacteria. Eubacteria are often found in water, dirt, huge creatures, and living inside of them. The gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial divisions of eubacteria are the two main categories.

Hot springs, the depths of the ocean, and salt brine are all places where archaebacteria may be found. They have just recently developed, soon after the earliest life on Earth. Methanogens, halophiles, and thermoacidophiles are the three main categories of archaebacteria that are present. The primary distinction between eubacteria and archaebacteria is how they live in the environment.