SQL SyntaxWhen you want to do some operations on the data in the database, then you must have to write the query in the predefined syntax of SQL. The syntax of the structured query language is a unique set of rules and guidelines, which is not case-sensitive. Its Syntax is defined and maintained by the ISO and ANSI standards. Following are some most important points about the SQL syntax which are to remember:
SQL StatementSQL statements tell the database what operation you want to perform on the structured data and what information you would like to access from the database. The statements of SQL are very simple and easy to use and understand. They are like plain English but with a particular syntax. Simple Example of SQL statement: Each SQL statement begins with any of the SQL keywords and ends with the semicolon (;). The semicolon is used in the SQL for separating the multiple Sql statements which are going to execute in the same call. In this SQL tutorial, we will use the semicolon (;) at the end of each SQL query or statement. Most Important SQL Commands and Statements
Let's discuss each statement in short one by one with syntax and one example: 1. SELECT StatementThis SQL statement reads the data from the SQL database and shows it as the output to the database user. Syntax of SELECT Statement: Example of SELECT Statement: This example shows the Emp_ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Salary, and City of those employees from the Employee_details table whose Salary is 100000. The output shows all the specified details according to the ascending alphabetical order of Last_Name. 3. UPDATE StatementThis SQL statement changes or modifies the stored data in the SQL database. Syntax of UPDATE Statement: Example of UPDATE Statement: This example changes the Salary of those employees of the Employee_details table whose Emp_ID is 10 in the table. 3. DELETE StatementThis SQL statement deletes the stored data from the SQL database. Syntax of DELETE Statement: Example of DELETE Statement: This example deletes the record of those employees from the Employee_details table whose First_Name is Sumit in the table. 4. CREATE TABLE StatementThis SQL statement creates the new table in the SQL database. Syntax of CREATE TABLE Statement: Example of CREATE TABLE Statement: This example creates the table Employee_details with five columns or fields in the SQL database. The fields in the table are Emp_Id, First_Name, Last_Name, Salary, and City. The Emp_Id column in the table acts as a primary key, which means that the Emp_Id column cannot contain duplicate values and null values. 5. ALTER TABLE StatementThis SQL statement adds, deletes, and modifies the columns of the table in the SQL database. Syntax of ALTER TABLE Statement: The above SQL alter statement adds the column with its datatype in the existing database table. The above 'SQL alter statement' renames the old column name to the new column name of the existing database table. The above SQL alter statement deletes the column of the existing database table. Example of ALTER TABLE Statement: This example adds the new field whose name is Designation with size 18 in the Employee_details table of the SQL database. 6. DROP TABLE StatementThis SQL statement deletes or removes the table and the structure, views, permissions, and triggers associated with that table. Syntax of DROP TABLE Statement: The above syntax of the drop statement deletes specified tables completely if they exist in the database. Example of DROP TABLE Statement: This example drops the Employee_details table if it exists in the SQL database. This removes the complete information if available in the table. 7. CREATE DATABASE StatementThis SQL statement creates the new database in the database management system. Syntax of CREATE DATABASE Statement: Example of CREATE DATABASE Statement: The above example creates the company database in the system. 8. DROP DATABASE StatementThis SQL statement deletes the existing database with all the data tables and views from the database management system. Syntax of DROP DATABASE Statement: Example of DROP DATABASE Statement: The above example deletes the company database from the system. 9. INSERT INTO StatementThis SQL statement inserts the data or records in the existing table of the SQL database. This statement can easily insert single and multiple records in a single query statement. Syntax of insert a single record: Example of insert a single record: This example inserts 101 in the first column, Akhil in the second column, Sharma in the third column, 40000 in the fourth column, and Bangalore in the last column of the table Employee_details. Syntax of inserting a multiple records in a single query: Example of inserting multiple records in a single query: This example inserts the records of three employees in the Employee_details table in the single query statement. 10. TRUNCATE TABLE StatementThis SQL statement deletes all the stored records from the table of the SQL database. Syntax of TRUNCATE TABLE Statement: Example of TRUNCATE TABLE Statement: This example deletes the record of all employees from the Employee_details table of the database. 11. DESCRIBE StatementThis SQL statement tells something about the specified table or view in the query. Syntax of DESCRIBE Statement: Example of DESCRIBE Statement: This example explains the structure and other details about the Employee_details table. 12. DISTINCT ClauseThis SQL statement shows the distinct values from the specified columns of the database table. This statement is used with the SELECT keyword. Syntax of DISTINCT Clause: Example of DISTINCT Clause: This example shows the distinct values of the City and Salary column from the Employee_details table. 13. COMMIT StatementThis SQL statement saves the changes permanently, which are done in the transaction of the SQL database. Syntax of COMMIT Statement: Example of COMMIT Statement: This example deletes the records of those employees whose Salary is 30000 and then saves the changes permanently in the database. 14. ROLLBACK StatementThis SQL statement undo the transactions and operations which are not yet saved to the SQL database. Syntax of ROLLBACK Statement: Example of ROLLBACK Statement: This example deletes the records of those employees whose City is Mumbai and then undo the changes in the database. 15. CREATE INDEX StatementThis SQL statement creates the new index in the SQL database table. Syntax of CREATE INDEX Statement: Example of CREATE INDEX Statement: This example creates an index idx_First_Name on the First_Name column of the Employee_details table. 16. DROP INDEX StatementThis SQL statement deletes the existing index of the SQL database table. Syntax of DROP INDEX Statement: Example of DROP INDEX Statement: This example deletes the index idx_First_Name from the SQL database. 17. USE StatementThis SQL statement selects the existing SQL database. Before performing the operations on the database table, you have to select the database from the multiple existing databases. Syntax of USE Statement: Example of USE DATABASE Statement: This example uses the company database.
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