NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Exercise 6.1

1. Fill in the blanks using the correct word given in brackets :

  1. All circles are _ (congruent, similar)
  2. All squares are _ (similar, congruent)
  3. All triangles are similar _ (isosceles, equilateral)
  4. Two polygons of the same number of sides are similar, if (a) their corresponding angles are _ and (b) their corresponding sides are _ (equal, proportional)

Solution

  1. All circles are similar.
  2. All squares are similar.
  3. All equilateral triangles are similar.
  4. Two polygons of the same number of sides are similar, if (a) their corresponding angles are equal and (b) their corresponding sides are proportional.

2. Give two different examples of pair of

  1. similar figures.
  2. non-similar figures.

Solution

  1. A pair of two squares with different length of its sides are similar.
    A pair of two equilateral triangles with different lengths of sides are similar.
  2. A pair of two isosceles triangles with different angles are non-similar.
    A pair of square and a rhombus whose angles are not 90° are non-similar.

3. State whether the following quadrilaterals are similar or not:

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Solution

In the quadrilateral ABCD, all the angles are 90°.

However, in the quadrilateral PQRS, the angles are not equal to 90°.

Hence, the given quadrilaterals are not similar.

Exercise 6.2

1. In Fig. 6.17, (i) and (ii), DE || BC. Find EC in (i) and AD in (ii).

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Solution

(i) It is given that in ∆ABC, DE ‖ BC. Therefore, by using the basic proportionality theorem, we have:

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

(ii) It is given that in ∆ABC, DE ‖ BC. Therefore, by using the basic proportionality theorem, we have:

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

2. E and F are points on the sides PQ and PR respectively of a ∆ PQR. For each of the following cases, state whether EF || QR :

  1. PE = 3.9 cm, EQ = 3 cm, PF = 3.6 cm and FR = 2.4 cm
  2. PE = 4 cm, QE = 4.5 cm, PF = 8 cm and RF = 9 cm
  3. PQ = 1.28 cm, PR = 2.56 cm, PE = 0.18 cm and PF = 0.36 cm

Solution

I. EF ‖ QR, if the basic proportionality theorem is satisfied, i.e.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Since, LHS ≠ RHS, the theorem isn't satisfied.

Hence, EF is not parallel to QR.

II. EF ‖ QR, if the basic proportionality theorem is satisfied, i.e.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Since, LHS = RHS, the theorem is satisfied.

Hence, EF is parallel to QR.

III.EF ‖ QR, if the basic proportionality theorem is satisfied, i.e.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Since, LHS = RHS, the theorem is satisfied.

Hence, EF is parallel to QR.

3. In Fig. 6.18, if LM || CB and LN || CD, prove that AM/AB = AN/AD.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Solution

It is given that LM is parallel to CB in ∆ABC, therefore:

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

4. In Fig. 6.19, DE || AC and DF || AE. Prove that BF/FE = BE/EC.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Solution

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

5. In Fig. 6.20, DE || OQ and DF || OR. Show that EF || QR.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Solution

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

6. In Fig. 6.21, A, B and C are points on OP, OQ and OR respectively such that AB || PQ and AC || PR. Show that BC || QR.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Solution

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

7. Using Theorem 6.1, prove that a line drawn through the mid-point of one side of a triangle parallel to another side bisects the third side. (Recall that you have proved it in Class IX).

For reference:-
(Theorem 6.1 : If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides in distinct points, the other two sides are divided in the same ratio.)

Solution

Let the triangle be ABC with DE as the line drawn through D as midpoint of side AB and E as a point on line AC.

To Prove : AE = EC

Proof :

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

8. Using Theorem 6.2, prove that the line joining the mid-points of any two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side. (Recall that you have done it in Class IX).

For reference:-
(Theorem 6.2 : If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, then the line is parallel to the third side.)

Solution

Let the triangle be ABC, where DE is the line formed by joining the D which is the midpoint of AB and E which is the midpoint of AC.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

9. ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || DC and its diagonals intersect each other at the point O. Show that AO/BO = CO/DO.

Solution

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

10. The diagonals of a quadrilateral ABCD intersect each other at the point O such that AO/BO = CO/DO. Show that ABCD is a trapezium.

Solution

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Therefore, by using the converse basic proportionality theorem we can conclude that EO ‖ AB.

It is also known that EO ‖ CD, which implies that AB ‖ CD.

Since two of the sides of the given quadrilateral are parallel, so it satisfies the condition for being a trapezium.

Hence, ABCD is a trapezium.

Exercise 6.3

1. State which pairs of triangles in Fig. 6.34 are similar. Write the similarity criterion used by you for answering the question and also write the pairs of similar triangles in the symbolic form :

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Solution

(i) In ∆ABC and ∆PQR:

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Hence, by AAA criterion ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR.

(ii) In ∆ABC and ∆PQR:

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Hence, by SSS criterion ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR.

(iii) In ∆MPL and ∆DEF:

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

The ratios obtained are not same.

Hence, ∆MPL is not similar to ∆DEF.

(iv) In ∆LMN and ∆PQR:

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Hence, by SAS criterion ∆LMN ~ ∆PQR.

(v) In ∆ABC and ∆DEF:

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Hence, ∆ABC is not similar to ∆DEF.

(vi) By Angle Sum property of a triangle,

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Hence, by AAA criterion ∆DEF ~ ∆PQR.

2. In Fig. 6.35, ∆ ODC ~ ∆ OBA, ∠ BOC = 125° and ∠ CDO = 70°. Find ∠ DOC, ∠ DCO and ∠ OAB.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Solution

∠DOC and ∠BOC form a linear pair. Therefore

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Hence ∠DOC = 55°, ∠DCO = 55° and ∠OAB = 55°.

3. Diagonals AC and BD of a trapezium ABCD with AB || DC intersect each other at the point O. Using a similarity criterion for two triangles, show that OA/OC = OB/OD.

Solution

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

In ∆AOB and ∆COD,

∠BAO = ∠OCD (Alternate interior angles)

∠ABO = ∠ODC (Alternate interior angles)

∠AOB = ∠COD (Vertically opposite angles)

Hence, by the AAA similarity criterion, ∆AOB ~ ∆COD.

Since, ∆AOB ~ ∆COD

Therefore, the corresponding sides will be proportional

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Hence, proved that OB/OD = OA/OC.

4. In Fig. 6.36, QR/QS = QT/PR and ∠ 1 = ∠ 2. Show that ∆ PQS ~ ∆ TQR.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Solution

In ∆PQR,

∠PQR = ∠PRQ

Therefore, it is an isosceles triangle which implies that PQ = PR.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Using QR/QS = QT/PQ and ∠Q = ∠Q in ∆PQS and ∆TQR, we can conclude that the triangles are similar (by SAS similarity criterion).

Hence, proved that ∆PQS ~ ∆TQR.

5. S and T are points on sides PR and QR of ∆ PQR such that ∠ P = ∠ RTS. Show that ∆ RPQ ~ ∆ RTS.

Solution

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

In ∆ RPQ and ∆ RTS,

∠RTS = ∠QPS (Given)

∠R = ∠R (Common Angle)

Hence, by the AA similarity criterion ∆ RPQ ~ ∆ RTS.

6. In Fig. 6.37, if ∆ ABE ≅ ∆ ACD, show that ∆ ADE ~ ∆ ABC.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Solution

In ∆ ABE and ∆ ACD

AB = AC (Using c.p.c.t) ... Equation (I)

AD = AE (Using c.p.c.t) ... Equation (II)

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

7. In Fig. 6.38, altitudes AD and CE of ∆ ABC intersect each other at the point P. Show that:

  1. ∆AEP ~ ∆ CDP
  2. ∆ABD ~ ∆ CBE
  3. ∆AEP ~ ∆ADB
  4. ∆ PDC ~ ∆ BEC
NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Solution

I. In ΔAEP and ΔCDP,

∠AEP = ∠CDP (Right Angles)

∠APE = ∠CPD (Vertically Opposite Angles)

Therefore, by AA similarity criterion ΔAEP ~ ΔCDP.

II. In ΔABD and ΔCBE,

∠ADB = ∠CEB (Right Angles)

∠ABD = ∠CBE& (Common Angle)

Therefore, by AA similarity criterion ΔABD ~ ΔCBE.

III. In ΔAEP and ΔABD,

∠AEP = ∠ADB (Right Angles)

∠PAE = ∠DAB (Common Angle)

Therefore, by AA similarity criterion ΔAEP ~ ΔABD.

IV. In ΔPDC and ΔBEC,

∠PDC = ∠BEC (Right Angles)

∠PCD = ∠BCE (Common Angle)

Therefore, by AA similarity criterion ΔPDC ~ ΔBEC.

8. E is a point on the side AD produced of a parallelogram ABCD and BE intersects CD at F. Show that ∆ ABE ~ ∆ CFB.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Solution

In ∆ABE and ∆CFB,

∠BAE = ∠BCF (Opposite angles of a parallelogram)

∠ABE = ∠CFB (Alternate interior angles)

Therefore, by AA similarity criterion ΔABE ~ ΔCFB.

9. In Fig. 6.39, ABC and AMP are two right triangles, right angled at B and M respectively. Prove that:

  1. ∆ ABC ~ ∆AMP
  2. CA/PA = BC/MP

Solution

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

I. In ΔABC and ΔAMP,

∠ABC = ∠AMP (Right Angles)

∠BAC = ∠MAP (Common Angle)

Therefore, by AA similarity criterion ΔABC ~ ΔAMP.

II. Since, ∆ABC is similar to ∆AMP, their corresponding sides will have an equal ratio.

Hence,

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

10. CD and GH are respectively the bisectors of ∠ACB and ∠ EGF such that D and H lie on sides AB and FE of ∆ ABC and ∆ EFG respectively. If ∆ABC ~ ∆ FEG, show that:

  1. CD/GH = AC/FG
  2. ∆ DCB ~ ∆ HGE
  3. ∆ DCA ~ ∆ HGF
NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Solution

It is given that ∆ABC ~ ∆ FEG, therefore

∠A = ∠F

∠B = ∠E

∠ACB = ∠FGE

Divide both sides by 2

∠ACB/2 = ∠FGE/2

∠ACD = ∠FGH (Bisected Angles)

I. Now, in ∆ACD and ∆FGH:

∠A = ∠F (As shown above)

∠ACD = ∠FGH (As shown above)

Therefore, by the AA similarity criterion ∆ACD ~ ∆FGH.

Which implies that

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

II. Similarly,

∠DCB = ∠HGE

In ∆DCB and ∆HGE:

∠B = ∠E (As Shown above)

∠DCB = ∠HGE (As shown above)

Therefore, by the AA similarity criterion ∆DCB ~ ∆HGE.

III. In ∆DCA and ∆HGF

∠A = ∠F (As shown above)

∠DCA = ∠HGF (As shown above)

Therefore, by the AA similarity criterion ∆DCA ~ ∆HGF.

11. In Fig. 6.40, E is a point on side CB produced of an isosceles triangle ABC with AB = AC. If AD ⊥ BC and EF ⊥ AC, prove that ∆ ABD ~ ∆ ECF.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Solution

In an isosceles triangles, angles opposite to equal sides are also equal. Therefore,

∠ABD = ∠ACD = ∠ECF

In ∆ ABD and ∆ ECF:

∠ADB = ∠EFC (Right Angles)

∠ABD = ∠ECF (As Shown above)

Therefore, by the AA similarity criterion ∆ ABD ~ ∆ ECF.

12. Sides AB and BC and median AD of a triangle ABC are respectively proportional to sides PQ and QR and median PM of ∆ PQR (see Fig. 6.41). Show that ∆ ABC ~ ∆ PQR.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Solution

It is given that

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Therefore, by the SSS similarity criterion, ∆ABD ~ ∆PQM.

This implies that

∠ABD = ∠PQM (Corresponding angles of similar triangles)

∠ABC = ∠PQR

In ∆ABC and ∆PQR

AB/PQ = BC/QR (Given)

∠ABC = ∠PQR (As shown above)

Hence, by the SAS similarity criterion ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR.

13. D is a point on the side BC of a triangle ABC such that ∠ADC = ∠ BAC. Show that CA2 = CB.CD.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Solution

In ∆ADC and ∆BAC:

∠ADC = ∠BAC (Given)

∠ACD = ∠BCA (Common Angles)

Therefore, by the AA similarity criterion ∆ADC ~ ∆BAC.

This implies that

CA/CB = CD/CA (Corresponding sides of similar triangles)

CA2 = CB.CD

14. Sides AB and AC and median AD of a triangle ABC are respectively proportional to sides PQ and PR and median PM of another triangle PQR. Show that ∆ABC ~ ∆ PQR.

Solution

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

First, we will produce AD and PM lines to exterior points E and N respectively such that AD = DE and PM = MN, then join E and N with C and R respectively.

In ∆ABD and ∆CDE:

. ∠ADB = ∠ CDE (Vertically opposite angles)

AD = DE (By construction)

BD = DC (D is the mid-point of BC)

Therefore, by the SAS congruency criterion ∆ABD ≅ ∆CDE.

This implies that

AB = CE (By c.p.c.t.)

In ∆PQM and ∆MNR:

. ∠PMQ = ∠NMR (Vertically opposite angles)

PM = MN (By construction)

QR = MR (M is the mid-point of QR)

Therefore, by the SAS congruency criterion ∆PMQ ≅ ∆NMR.

This implies that

PQ = RN (By c.p.c.t.)

It is given that

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Therefore, by the SSS similarity criterion ∆ACE ~ ∆PRN.

This implies that

∠CAE = ∠RPN (Corresponding angles of similar triangles)

∠CAD = ∠RPM

Similarly, ∠BAD = ∠QPM.

Add both the above equations

∠CAD + ∠BAD = ∠RPM + ∠QPM

∠BAC = ∠QPR

In ∆ABC and ∆PQR:

∠BAC = ∠QPR (As shown above)

AB/PQ = AC/PR (Given)

Hence, by the SAS similarity criterion ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR.

15. A vertical pole of length 6 m casts a shadow 4 m long on the ground and at the same time a tower casts a shadow 28 m long. Find the height of the tower.

Solution

Let AB be the pole whose shadow is BC and let the tower be PQ with QR as the shadow.

If we connect the top of pole and tower to the end of their respective shadows, we can obtain triangles ABC and PQR.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Since, the shadows BC and QR are being cast at the same time, the sun's elevation will be the same.

Therefore,

∠ACB = ∠PRQ

In ∆ABC and ∆PQR:

∠ACB = ∠PRQ (As shown above)

∠ABC = ∠PQR (Right Angles)

Therefore, by the AA similarity criterion ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR.

This implies that

AB/PQ = BC/QR (Corresponding sides of similar triangles)

AB = 6 m, BC = 4 m

QR = 28 m

6/PQ = 4/28

6/PQ = 1/7

PQ = 42 m

Hence, the height of the tower is 42 m.

16. If AD and PM are medians of triangles ABC and PQR, respectively where ∆ ABC ~ ∆ PQR, prove that AB/PQ = AD/PM.

Solution

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

It is given that ∆ ABC ~ ∆ PQR, which implies that

∠ABC = ∠PQR (Corresponding Angles of similar triangles)

∠ABD = ∠PQM

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

In ∆ABD and ∆PQM:

AB/PQ = BD/QM (As shown above)

∠ABD = ∠PQM (As shown above)

Therefore, by the SAS similarity criterion ∆ABD ~ ∆PQM.

This implies that

AB/PQ = AD/PM (Corresponding sides of similar triangles)

Hence, proved that AB/PQ = AD/PM.

Exercise 6.4

1. Let ∆ ABC ~ ∆ DEF and their areas be, respectively, 64 cm2 and 121 cm2. If EF = 15.4 cm, find BC.

Solution

Since ∆ ABC ~ ∆ DEF, therefore

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Hence, BC = 11.2 cm2.

2. Diagonals of a trapezium ABCD with AB || DC intersect each other at the point O. If AB = 2 CD, find the ratio of the areas of triangles AOB and COD.

SOLUTION

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

In ∆AOB and ∆COD:

∠AOB = ∠COD (Vertically opposite angles)

∠ABO = ∠CDO (Alternate interior angles)

Therefore, by the AA similarity criterion ∆AOB ~ ∆COD.

This implies that

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Hence, the ratio of the areas of triangles AOB and COD is 4 : 1.

3. In Fig. 6.44, ABC and DBC are two triangles on the same base BC. If AD intersects BC at O, show that ar (ABC)/ar (DBC) = AO/DO.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Solution

We need to construct two lines AP and DM where P and M are points on BC such that AP and DM are perpendicular to BC.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Area of triangle = ½ × Base × Altitude

Area of ∆ABC = ½ × BC × AP

Area of ∆DBC = ½ × BC × DM

Ratio of Areas of ∆ABC and ∆DBC = (½ × BC × AP)/ (½ × BC × DM)

ar (∆ABC)/ ar (∆DBC) = AP/DM ... Equation (I)

In ∆AOP and ∆DOM:

∠AOP = ∠DOM (Vertically opposite angles)

∠APO = ∠DMO& (Right Angles)

Therefore, by the AA similarity criterion ∆AOP ~ ∆DOM.

This implies that

AO/DO = PA/MD (Corresponding sides of similar triangles)

AO/DO = AP/DM ... Equation (II)

From Equation (I) and Equation (II),

ar (∆ABC)/ ar (∆DBC) = AO/DO

4. If the areas of two similar triangles are equal, prove that they are congruent.

Solution

Let there be two similar triangles ABC and PQR where Area of ABC = Area of PQR.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

AB/PQ = 1

AB = PQ

Similarly,

BC = QR

AC = PR

Therefore, by the SSS congruency criteria ∆ABC ≅ ∆PQR.

Hence, proved that two similar triangles with equal areas are congruent.

5. D, E and F are respectively the mid-points of sides AB, BC and CA of ∆ ABC. Find the ratio of the areas of ∆ DEF and ∆ ABC.

Solution

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Since D and F are mid-points of sides AB and AC, therefore, by the mid-point theorem

DF ‖ BC.

In ∆ABC and ∆ADF:

∠BAC = ∠DAF (Common Angles)

∠ABC = ∠ADF (Corresponding Angles)

Therefore, by the AA similarity criterion ∆ABC ~ ∆ADF.

This implies that

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

From the above equations, we can conclude that

Ar (∆ADF) = �(Ar (∆ABC))

Ar (∆BED) = �(Ar (∆ABC))

Ar (∆CEF) = �(Ar (∆ABC))

Now,

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Hence, the ratio of the areas of triangles DEF and ABC is 1 : 4.

6. Prove that the ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the square of the ratio of their corresponding medians.

Solution

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Let there be two similar triangles ABC and PQR, where AD and PM are the respective medians of the triangles.

To Prove : ar (∆ABC)/ ar (∆PQR) = AD2/ PM2

Proof :

It is given that ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR, which implies that

∠ABC = ∠PQR (Corresponding angles of similar triangles)

∠ABD = ∠PQM

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Now, in ∆ABD and ∆PQM:

∠ABD = ∠PQM (As shown above)

AB/PQ = BD/QM (As shown above)

Therefore, by the SAS similarity criterion ∆ABD ~ ∆PQM.

This implies that

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Hence, proved that ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the square of the ratio of their corresponding medians.

7. Prove that the area of an equilateral triangle described on one side of a square is equal to half the area of the equilateral triangle described on one of its diagonals.

Solution

Let there be a square ABCD with equilateral triangles ABD and ACE described on its one side and one diagonal.

To Prove : ar (∆ABD) = ½ (ar (∆ACE))

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Proof :

By using the Pythagoras theorem in ABC, we get:

AC2 = AB2 + BC2

AB = BC as ABCD is a square

AC2 = 2AB2 ... Equation (I)

It is known that ABD and ACE are both equilateral triangles.

Therefore, by the AAA similarity criterion ∆ABD ~ ∆ACE.

This implies that

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Hence, proved that the area of an equilateral triangle described on one side of a square is equal to half the area of the equilateral triangle described on one of its diagonals.

Tick the correct answer and justify:

8. ABC and BDE are two equilateral triangles such that D is the mid-point of BC. Ratio of the areas of triangles ABC and BDE is

(A) 2 : 1 (B) 1 : 2 (C) 4 : 1 (D) 1 : 4

Solution

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

D is the mid-point of BC, therefore

BD = DC = ½(BC) ... Equation (I)

AB = BC (Sides of an equilateral triangle) ... Equation (II)

Since, ∆ABC and ∆BDE are both equilateral triangles, therefore

by the AAA similarity criterion ∆ABC ~ ∆BDE.

This implies that

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Hence, the correct answer is (C) 4 : 1.

9. Sides of two similar triangles are in the ratio 4 : 9. Areas of these triangles are in the ratio

(A) 2 : 3 (B) 4 : 9 (C) 81 : 16 (D) 16 : 81

Solution

Let there be two similar triangles ABC and DEF.

Then, according to question

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Since, it is given that the triangles ABC and DEF are similar. Therefore,

Hence, the correct answer is (D) 16 : 81.

Exercise 6.5

1. Sides of triangles are given below. Determine which of them are right triangles. In case of a right triangle, write the length of its hypotenuse.

  1. 7 cm, 24 cm, 25 cm
  2. 3 cm, 8 cm, 6 cm
  3. 50 cm, 80 cm, 100 cm
  4. 13 cm, 12 cm, 5 cm

Solution

I. Squares of the smaller two sides = 72 + 242 = 49 + 576 = 625 cm2

Square of the longest side = 252 = 625 cm2

Therefore, the triangle satisfies the Pythagoras theorem and is a right angled triangle.

The length of hypotenuse of this triangle is 25 cm.

II. Squares of the smaller two sides = 32 + 62 = 9 + 36 = 45 cm2

Square of the longest side = 82 = 64 cm2

Therefore, the triangle does not satisfy the Pythagoras theorem and is not a right angled triangle.

III. Squares of the smaller two sides = 502 + 802 = 2500 + 6400 = 8900 cm2

Square of the longest side = 1002 = 10000 cm2

Therefore, the triangle does not satisfy the Pythagoras theorem and is not a right angled triangle.

IV. Squares of the smaller two sides = 52 + 122 = 25 + 144 = 169 cm2

Square of the longest side = 132 = 169 cm2

Therefore, the triangle satisfies the Pythagoras theorem and is a right angled triangle.

The length of hypotenuse of this triangle is 13 cm.

2. PQR is a triangle right angled at P and M is a point on QR such that PM ⊥ QR. Show that PM2 = QM . MR.

Solution

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

By using Pythagoras Theorem in ∆PQM, we get

PQ2 = PM2 + QM2

PM2 = PQ2 - QM2 ... Equation (I)

By using Pythagoras Theorem in ∆PRM, we get

PR2 = PM2 + MR2

PM2 = PR2 - MR2 ... Equation (II)

Add Equation (I) and Equation (II)

2PM2 = PQ2 - QM2 + PR2 - MR2

2PM2 = (PQ2 + PR2) - (QM2 + MR2)

2PM2 = (QR2) - (QM2 + MR2) [PQ2 + PR2 = QR2 by Pythagoras Theorem]

2PM2 = QR2 - QM2 - MR2

2PM2 = (QM + MR)2 - QM2 - MR2 [QR = QM + MR]

2PM2 = QM2 + MR2 + 2QM.MR - QM2 - MR2

2PM2 = 2QM.MR

PM2 = QM.MR

Hence, proved that PM2

3. In Fig. 6.53, ABD is a triangle right angled at A and AC ⊥ BD. Show that

  1. AB2 = BC . BD
  2. AC2 = BC . DC
  3. AD2 = BD . CD

Solution

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

I. In ∆ABD and ∆CBA:

∠BAD = ∠BCA (Right Angles)

∠ABD = ∠ABC (Common Angles)

Therefore, by the AA similarity criterion ∆ABD ~ ∆CBA.

This implies that

AB/CB = BD/AB (Corresponding Sides of similar triangles)

AB2 = BC.BD

II. Since, we have proven that ∆ABD ~ ∆CBA, therefore

∠CAB = ∠BDA (Corresponding angles of similar triangles)

∠CAB = ∠CDA

In ∆CBA and ∆CAD:

∠ACB = ∠ACD (Right Angles)

∠CAB = ∠CDA (As shown above)

Therefore, by the AA similarity criterion ∆CBA ~ ∆CAD.

This implies that

AC/BC = DC/AC (Corresponding Sides of similar triangles)

AC2 = BC.DC

III. In ∆DCA and ∆DAB:

∠DCA = ∠DAB (Right Angles)

∠CDA = ∠ADB (Common Angles)

Therefore, by the AA similarity criterion ∆DCA ~ ∆DAB.

This implies that

CD/AD = AD/BD (Corresponding Sides of similar triangles)

AD2 = BD.CD

4. ABC is an isosceles triangle right angled at C. Prove that AB2 = 2AC2 .

Solution

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

It is given that ∆ABC is an isosceles triangle. This implies that the sides opposite to the equal angles are equal.

Since, ∠ACB is given to be the right angle. Therefore, ∠ABC and ∠BAC are the equal angles with sides AC = BC.

By using Pythagoras Theorem in ABC, we get

AB2 = AC2 + BC2

AB2 = AC2 + AC2

AB2 = 2AC2

Hence, proved that AB2 = 2AC2.

5. ABC is an isosceles triangle with AC = BC. If AB2 = 2 AC2 , prove that ABC is a right triangle.

Solution

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

It is given that

AB2 = 2AC2

AB2 = AC2 + AC2

AB2 = AC2 + BC2 (Since AC = BC is given)

The above equation satisfies the Pythagoras Theorem.

Hence, ∆ABC is a right angles triangle.

6. ABC is an equilateral triangle of side 2a. Find each of its altitudes.

Solution

Let us draw the altitude AD in the triangle ABC.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

In ∆ADB and ∆ADC:

∠ADB = ∠ADC (Right Angles)

AD = AD (Common Side)

AB = AC (Sides of equilateral triangle ABC)

Therefore, by the RHS congruency criteria ∆ADB ≅ ∆ADC.

This implies that

BD = CD (By c.p.c.t.)

Therefore,

BC = 2BD

BD = BC/2

BD = a

By applying Pythagoras theorem in ∆ADB, we get

AB2 = BD2 + AD2

AD2 = AB2 - BD2

AD2 = 4a2 - a2

AD2 = 3a2

AD = ?3a

Hence, the length of each of the altitude of the triangle ABC is ?3a.

7. Prove that the sum of the squares of the sides of a rhombus is equal to the sum of the squares of its diagonals.

Solution

Let there be a rhombus ABCD whose diagonals bisect each other at O.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

To Prove : AB2 + BC2 + CD2 + AD2 = AC2 + BD2

Proof :

We know that the diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angles. Therefore, AOB, AOD, BOC, COD are all right angles triangles.

This also implies that AO = CO and BO = DO as O is the point of bisection.

By applying Pythagoras Theorem to ∆AOB, we get

AB2 = AO2 + BO2

Similarly,

BC2 = BO2 + CO2

CD2 = CO2 + DO2

AD2 = AO2 + DO2

Adding all of the above obtained equations, we get

AB2 + BC2 + CD2 + AD2 = AO2 + BO2 + BO2 + CO2 + CO2 + DO2 + AO2 + DO2

AB2 + BC2 + CD2 + AD2 = 2(AO2 + BO2 + CO2 + DO2)

AB2 + BC2 + CD2 + AD2 = 2(AO2 + CO2 + BO2 + DO2)

Since, AO = CO and BO = DO. Therefore,

AB2 + BC2 + CD2 + AD2 = 2(2AO2 + 2BO2)

AB2 + BC2 + CD2 + AD2 = 4AO2 + 4BO2

AB2 + BC2 + CD2 + AD2 = (2AO)2 + (2BO)2

O is the midpoint of AC and BD, so 2AO = AC and 2BO = BD. Therefore,

>

AB2 + BC2 + CD2 + AD2 = AC2 + BD2

Hence, proved that the sum of the squares of the sides of a rhombus is equal to the sum of the squares of its diagonals.

8. In Fig. 6.54, O is a point in the interior of a triangle ABC, OD ⊥ BC, OE ⊥AC and OF ⊥AB. Show that

  1. OA2 + OB2 + OC2 - OD2 - OE2 - OF2 = AF2 + BD2 + CE2,
  2. AF2 + BD2 + CE2 = AE2 + CD2 + BF2.
NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Solution

Let us join OB, OA and OC.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

I. By applying Pythagoras Theorem in ∆AOF, we get

OA2 = AF2 + OF2

By applying Pythagoras Theorem in ∆BOD, we get

OB2 = OD2 + BD2

By applying Pythagoras Theorem in ∆COE, we get

OC2 = OE2 + EC2

Adding the above obtained equations, we get

OA2 + OB2 + OC2 = AF2 + OF2 + OD2 + BD2 + OE2 + EC2

OA2 + OB2 + OC2 - OD2 - OE2 - OF2 = AF2 + BD2 + EC2

Hence, proved.

II. OA2 + OB2 + OC2 - OD2 - OE2 - OF2 = AF2 + BD2 + EC2

(OA2 - OE2) + (OC2 - OD2) + (OB2 - OF2) = AF2 + BD2 + EC2

By applying Pythagoras Theorem in ∆AOE, we get

OA2 = OE2 + AE2

OA2 - OE2 = AE2

Similarly,

OC2 - OD2 = CD2

OB2 - OF2 = BF2

Hence,

(OA2 - OE2) + (OC2 - OD2) + (OB2 - OF2) = AF2 + BD2 + EC2

AE2 + CD2 + BF2 = AF2 + BD2 + EC2

9. A ladder 10 m long reaches a window 8 m above the ground. Find the distance of the foot of the ladder from base of the wall.

Solution

Let AB be the ladder which reaches the window at A with the base of the wall at C.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

The wall will be perpendicular to the ground, therefore ABC will form a right triangle which is right angled at C.

AB = 10 m , AC = 8m

By applying Pythagoras Theorem in ABC, we get

AB2 = AC2 + BC2

102 = 82 + BC2

100 = 64 + BC2

36 = BC2

BC = 6 m

Hence, the distance between foot of the ladder and the base of the wall is 6 m.

10. A guy wire attached to a vertical pole of height 18 m is 24 m long and has a stake attached to the other end. How far from the base of the pole should the stake be driven so that the wire will be taut?

Solution

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Let the wire be AB and the pole be AC. BC is the distance between the stake and base of the pole.

∆ACB is a right triangle which is right angled at C.

By Applying Pythagoras Theorem in ABC, we get

AB2 = AC2 + BC2

242 = 182 + BC2

576 - 324 = BC2

252 = BC2

BC = 6?7 m

Hence, the stake needs to be driven 6?7 m away from the base of the pole to make the wire taut.

11. An aeroplane leaves an airport and flies due north at a speed of 1,000 km per hour. At the same time, another aeroplane leaves the same airport and flies due west at a speed of 1,200 km per hour. How far apart will be the two planes after 1*1/2 hours?

Solution

Let A be the current position of the plane flying to north and B be the current position of the plane flying to the west. Let O be the starting point for the two planes.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

AOB will form a right triangle, right angled at O.

Speed of plane going north = 1000 km/h

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

= 1200 × 3/2 = 1800 km

By Applying the Pythagoras theorem in AOB, we get

AB2 = AO2 + BO2

AB2 = 15002 + 18002

AB2 = 2250000 + 3240000

AB2 = 5490000

AB = 300?61 km

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

12. Two poles of heights 6 m and 11 m stand on a plane ground. If the distance between the feet of the poles is 12 m, find the distance between their tops.

SOLUTION

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Let AB be the taller pole and CD be the smaller pole. The distance between their tops is AC and the distance between their feet is BD. We will draw an imaginary line from C to O which is a point on the pole AB such that OC ‖ BD.

The poles stand perpendicular to the ground, so ∠BDC is a right angle.

∠AOC = ∠BDC (Corresponding Angles)

Therefore, ∆AOC is a right triangle.

OCBD forms a rectangle as OC ‖ BD and AB ‖ CD.

This implies that

OC = BD = 12 m

OB = CD = 6 m

Now, AB = AO + OB

AO = AB - OB = 11 - 6 = 5 m

By Applying Pythagoras Theorem in AOC, we get

AC2 = AO2 + OC2

AC2 = 52 + 122

AC2 = 25 + 144

AC2 = 169

AC = 13 m

Hence, the distance between the top of the two poles is 13 m.

13. D and E are points on the sides CA and CB respectively of a triangle ABC right angled at C. Prove that AE2 + BD2 = AB2 + DE2.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

By Applying Pythagoras Theorem in ABC, we get

AB2 = AC2 + BC2 ... Equation (I)

By Applying Pythagoras Theorem in AEC, we get

AE2 = AC2 + EC2

By Applying Pythagoras Theorem in BDC, we get

BD2 = BC2 + DC2

By Applying Pythagoras Theorem in DEC, we get

DE2 = DC2 + EC2 ... Equation (II)

Therefore,

AE2 + BD2 = AC2 + EC2 + BC2 + DC2

AE2 + BD2 = (AC2 + BC2) + (EC2 + DC2)

From Equation (I) and Equation (II), we get

AE2 + BD2 = AB2 + DE2

Hence, proved.

14. The perpendicular from A on side BC of a ∆ ABC intersects BC at D such that DB = 3 CD (see Fig. 6.55). Prove that 2 AB2 = 2 AC2 + BC2.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Solution

BC = BD + CD

BC = 3CD + CD

BC/4 = CD

By applying Pythagoras Theorem in ADB, we get

AB2 = AD2 + BD2 ... Equation (I)

By applying Pythagoras Theorem in ADC, we get

AC2 = AD2 + CD2 ... Equation (II)

Subtract Equation (II) from Equation (I):

AB2 - AC2 = BD2 - CD2

AB2 - AC2 = (3CD)2 - CD2

AB2 - AC2 = 9CD2 - CD2

AB2 - AC2 = 8CD2

AB2 - AC2 = 8(BC/4)2

AB2 - AC2 = BC2/2

2(AB2 - AC2) = BC2

2AB2 - 2AC2 = BC2

2AB2 = 2AC2 + BC2

Hence, proved.

15. In an equilateral triangle ABC, D is a point on side BC such that BD = 1/3 BC. Prove that 9 AD2 = 7 AB2.

Solution

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Let us construct altitude AE in ∆ABC.

Since AE is the altitude of an equilateral triangle, therefore it will also act as a median.

BE = CE = BC/2

By applying Pythagoras Theorem in ABE, we get

AB2 = BE2 + AE2

AE2 = AB2 - BE2

AE2 = AB2 - BC2/4

By applying Pythagoras Theorem in ADE, we get

AD2 = AE2 + DE2

AD2 = AE2 + (BE - BD)2

AD2 = AB2 - BC2/4 + (BC/2 - BC/3)2

AD2 = AB2 - BC2/4 + (BC/6)2

AD2 = AB2 - BC2/4 + BC2/36

AD2 = AB2 - 8BC2/36

AD2 = AB2 - 2BC2/9

AD2 = (9AB2 - 2BC2)/9

9AD2 = 9AB2 - 2AB2 (BC = AB as ABC is an equilateral triangle)

9AD2 = 7AB2

Hence, proved.

16. In an equilateral triangle, prove that three times the square of one side is equal to four times the square of one of its altitudes.

Solution

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Let there be an equilateral triangle ABC with altitude AD and length of each side a.

To prove : 3a2 = 4AD2

Proof :

We know that the altitude of an equilateral triangle also acts as a median. Therefore,

BD = CD = BC/2

By applying Pythagoras Theorem in ABD, we get

AB2 = AD2 + BD2

AB2 = AD2 + BC2/4

a2 = AD2 + a2/4

3a2/4 = AD2

3a2 = 4AD2

Hence, proved that three times the square of one side is equal to four times the square of one of its altitudes.

17. Tick the correct answer and justify : In ∆ABC, AB = 6?3 cm, AC = 12 cm and BC = 6 cm. The angle B is :

(A) 120° (B) 60° (C) 90° (D) 45°

Solution

AB2 = (6?3)2 = 108

AC2 = 122 = 144

BC2 = 62 = 36

It can be observed that AB2 + BC2 = 144 = AC2.

This implies that the triangle satisfies the Pythagoras Theorem with AC as the hypotenuse. Therefore, angle B is 90°.

Hence, correct options is (C) 90°.

Exercise 6.6 (Optional)

1. In Fig. 6.56, PS is the bisector of ∠ QPR of ∆ PQR. Prove that QS/SR = PQ/PR.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Solution

Let us produce the line QP to an external point T such that TR is parallel to PS.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

∠QPS = ∠SPR as PS is the angle bisector for ∠QPR.

∠QPS = ∠QTR (Corresponding Angles)

∠SPR = ∠PRT (Alternate Interior Angles)

Therefore, ∠PRT = ∠QTR.

We know that if two angles of a triangle are equal then the triangle is isosceles and sides opposite to the equal angles are also equal. Therefore,

PT = PR

By using the basic proportionality theorem in QRT, we get

QS/SR = PQ/PT

QS/SR = PQ/PR

Hence, proved.

2. In Fig. 6.57, D is a point on hypotenuse AC of ∆ABC, such that BD ⊥AC, DM ⊥ BC and DN ⊥ AB. Prove that :

  1. DM2 = DN . MC
  2. DN2 = DM . AN
NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Solution

It can be concluded from the figure that DBMN is a rectangle as its opposite sides are parallel and the angles are 90° each.

This implies that

DN = BM and DM = BN.

(i). ∠CDM = ∠CDB - ∠BDM

∠CDM = 90° - ∠BDM

∠CDM + ∠BDM = 90°

Also, in ∆CDM:

∠CDM + ∠CMD + ∠MCD = 180°

∠CDM + 90° + ∠MCD = 180°

∠CDM + ∠MCD = 90°

Therefore, we can say that

∠CDM + ∠MCD = ∠CDM + ∠BDM (Both sides are equal to 90°)

∠MCD = ∠BDM

In ∆CDM and ∆MDB:

∠MCD = ∠BDM (As shown above)

∠CMD = ∠BMD (Right Angles)

Therefore, by the AA similarity criterion ∆CDM ~ ∆MDB.

This implies that

DM/BM = MC/DM

DM2 = MC.BM

We have already shown that BM = DN.

DM2 = DN.MC

(ii). ∠ADB = ∠ADN + ∠BDN

∠ADN + ∠BDN = 90°

Also, in ∆ADN:

∠AND + ∠ADN + ∠DAN = 180°

90° + ∠ADN + ∠DAN = 180°

∠ADN + ∠DAN = 90°

Therefore, we can say that

∠ADN + ∠DAN = ∠ADN + ∠BDN (Both sides equal to 90°)

∠DAN = ∠BDN

In ∆ADN and ∆NDB:

∠DAN = ∠BDN (As shown above)

∠CMD = ∠BMD (Right Angles)

Therefore, by the AA similarity criterion ∆ADN ~ ∆NDB.

This implies that

DN/BN = NA/DN

DN2 = AN.BN

We have already shown that BN = DM.

DN2 = DM.AN

Hence, proved.

3. In Fig. 6.58, ABC is a triangle in which ∠ABC > 90° and AD ⊥ CB produced. Prove that AC2 = AB2 + BC2 + 2 BC . BD.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Solution

By applying Pythagoras Theorem in ABD, we get

AB2 = AD2 + BD2

By applying Pythagoras Theorem in ACD, we get

AC2 = AD2 + CD2

AC2 = AD2 + (BD + BC)2

AC2 = AD2 + BD2 + BC2 + 2 BC.BD

We already know that AD2 + BD2 = AB2, therefore

AC2 = AB2 + BC2 + 2 BC.BD

Hence, proved.

4. In Fig. 6.59, ABC is a triangle in which ∠ ABC < 90° and AD ⊥ BC. Prove that AC2 = AB2 + BC2 - 2 BC . BD.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Solution

By applying Pythagoras Theorem in ABD, we get

AB2 = AD2 + BD2

By applying Pythagoras Theorem in ACD, we get

AC2 = AD2 + CD2

AC2 = AD2 + (BC - BD)2

AC2 = AD2 + BD2 + BC2 - 2 BC.BD

We already know that AD2 + BD2 = AB2, therefore

AC2 = AB2 + BC2 - 2 BC.BD

Hence, proved.

5. In Fig. 6.60, AD is a median of a triangle ABC and AM ⊥ BC. Prove that :

  1. AC2 = AD2 + BC . DM + (BC/2)2
  2. AB2 = AD2 - BC . DM + (BC/2)2
  3. AC2 + AB2 = 2 AD2 + BC2/2
NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Solution

It is given that AD is the median of triangle ABC, therefore

BD = CD = BC/2 ... Equation (I)

By applying Pythagoras Theorem in AMD, we get

AD2 = AM2 + DM2

(i). By applying Pythagoras Theorem in ACM, we get

AC2 = AM2 + CM2

AC2 = AM2 + (CD + DM)2

AC2 = AM2 + DM2 + CD2 + 2 CD.DM

By Using Equation (I)

AC2 = AM2 +DM2 + (BC/2)2 + 2(BC/2)DM

We already know that AM2 + DM2 = AD2, therefore

AC2 = AD2 + (BC/2)2 + 2(BC/2)DM

AC2 = AD2 + BC .DM + (BC/2)2

(ii). By applying Pythagoras Theorem in ABM, we get

AB2 = AM2 + BM2

We know that AD2 = AM2 + DM2

AM2 = AD2 - DM2

Now,

AB2 = AD2 - DM2 + BM2

AB2 = AD2 - DM2 + (BD - DM)2

AB2 = AD2 - DM2 + BD2 + DM2 - 2BD.DM

By Using Equation (I)

AB2 = AD2 + (BC/2)2 - 2 (BC/2).DM

AB2 = AD2 + (BC/2)2 - BC .DM

(iii). By applying Pythagoras Theorem in ABM, we get

AB2 = AM2 + BM2

By applying Pythagoras Theorem in AMC, we get

AC2 = AM2 + MC2

Adding the above two equations, we get

AB2 + AC2 = 2AM2 + BM2 + MC2

AB2 + AC2 = 2AM2 + (BD - DM)2 + (DM + CD)2

AB2 + AC2 = 2AM2 + BD2 + DM2 - 2 BD.DM + DM2 + CD2 + 2 DM.CD

AB2 + AC2 = 2AM2 + 2DM2 + BD2 + CD2 + 2DM(CD - BD)

AB2 + AC2 = 2(AM2 + DM2) + BD2 + CD2 + 2DM(CD - BD)

We know that AM2 + DM2 = AD2, therefore

AB2 + AC2 = 2AD2 + BD2 + CD2 + 2DM(CD - BD)

By Using Equation (I)

AB2 + AC2 = 2AD2 + (BC/2)2 + (BC/2)2 + 2DM(BC/2 - BC/2)

AB2 + AC2 = 2AD2 + BC2/4 + BC2/4

AB2 + AC2 = 2AD2 + BC2/2

Hence, proved.

6. Prove that the sum of the squares of the diagonals of parallelogram is equal to the sum of the squares of its sides.

Solution

Let ABCD be a parallelogram with AB ‖ CD and altitude AE. We will produce BA to a point F such that DF ? BF.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

To Prove : AC2 + BD2 = AB2 + BC2 + CD2 + AD2

Proof :

By applying Pythagoras Theorem in ADF, we get

AD2 = AF2 + DF2

By applying Pythagoras Theorem in BDF, we get

BD2 = BF2 + DF2

BD2 = (AB + AF)2 + DF2

BD2 = AB2 + AF2 + 2 AB.AF + DF2

We know that AF2 + DF2 = AD2, therefore

BD2 = AB2 + AD2 + 2 AB.AF; ... Equation (I)

By applying Pythagoras Theorem in ADE, we get

AD2 = AE2 + DE2

By applying Pythagoras Theorem in ACE, we get

AC2 = AE2 + CE2

AC2 = AE2 + (CD - DE)2

AC2 = AE2 + CD2 - 2 CD.DE + DE2

We know that AE2 + DE2 = AD2, therefore

AC2 = AD2 + CD2 - 2 CD.DE ... Equation (II)

Add Equation (I) and Equation (II)

AC2 + BD2 = AD2 + CD2 - 2 CD.DE + AB2 + AD2 + 2 AB.AF

Since ABCD is a parallelogram, therefore

AB = CD and BC = AD (Opposite sides of a parallelogram)

Also, it can be observed that AEDF forms a rectangle, which implies that

AF = DE; (Opposite sides of a rectangle)

Therefore,

AC2 + BD2 = AD2 + CD2 + AB2 + BC2 + 2 AB.AF - 2 AB.AF

AC2 + BD2 = AD2 + CD2 + AB2 + BC2

Hence, proved that the sum of the squares of the diagonals of parallelogram is equal to the sum of the squares of its sides.

7. In Fig. 6.61, two chords AB and CD intersect each other at the point P. Prove that :

  1. ∆APC ~ ∆ DPB
  2. AP . PB = CP . DP
NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Solution

AP = BP = CP = DP as they are radii of the given circle.

Therefore, AP/DP = 1 = CP/BP.

(i). In ∆APC and ∆DPB:

AP/DP = CP/BP (As shown above)

∠APC = ∠DPB (Vertically opposite angles)

Therefore, by the SAS similarity criterion ∆APC ~ ∆DPB.

(ii). We have already shown that AP/DP = CP/BP. This implies that

AP.BP = CP.DP

AP.PB = PC.DP

Hence, proved.

8. In Fig. 6.62, two chords AB and CD of a circle intersect each other at the point P (when produced) outside the circle. Prove that

  1. ∆ PAC ~ ∆ PDB
  2. PA . PB = PC . PD
NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Solution

(i). Since ABCD is a quadrilateral which is contained in a circle, therefore, ABCD forms a cyclic quadrilateral. This implies that,

∠PAC = ∠BDC (Exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the

opposite interior angle)

In ∆PAC and ∆PDB:

∠PAC = ∠BDC (As shown above)

∠APC = ∠BPD (Common Angle)

Therefore, by the AA similarity criterion ∆PAC ~ ∆PDB.

(ii). We have already shown that ∆PAC ~ ∆PDB.

This implies that

AP/DP = PC/PB (Corresponding sides of similar triangles)

AP.PB = PC.DP

Hence, proved.

9. In Fig. 6.63, D is a point on side BC of ∆ ABC such that BD/CD = AB/AC. Prove that AD is the bisector of ∠ BAC.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Solution

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Let us produce BA to an external point P such that AP = AC.

BC/ CD = AB/ AC (Given)

BC/CD = AB/AP (AP = AC)

Therefore, by using the converse of basic proportionality theorem, we can say that AD ‖ CP.

∠BAD = ∠APC (Corresponding Angles)

∠CAD = ∠ACP (Alternate Interior Angles)

∆ACP is an isosceles triangle as AP = AC. This implies that

∠APC = ∠ACP (Angles opposite to equal sides in an isosceles triangle)

Therefore,

∠BAD = ∠CAD

AD divides the ∠BAC in two equal parts.

Hence, AD is the bisector of ∠BAC.

10. Nazima is fly fishing in a stream. The tip of her fishing rod is 1.8 m above the surface of the water and the fly at the end of the string rests on the water 3.6 m away and 2.4 m from a point directly under the tip of the rod. Assuming that her string (from the tip of her rod to the fly) is taut, how much string does she have out (see Fig. 6.64)? If she pulls in the string at the rate of 5 cm per second, what will be the horizontal distance of the fly from her after 12 seconds?

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Solution

The situation can be represented in form of a triangle ABC, where A is the tip of fishing rod, C is the end of the string and BC is the surface of water.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

By applying Pythagoras theorem in ABC, we get

AC2 = AB2 + BC2

AC2 = (1.8)2 + (2.4)2

AC2 = 3.24 + 5.76

AC2 = 9

AC = 3

Therefore, Nazima has 3 m of her fishing rod string out.

It is given that she is pulling the string by 5 cm per second. Therefore,

Length of string pulled by Nazima in 1 second = 5 cm

Length of string pulled by Nazima in 12 seconds = 12 × 5 = 60 cm = 0.6 m

Let the new position of the fly be D which is a point on the water surface BC.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Triangles

Length of string remaining out after 12 seconds = AD = 3 - 0.6 m = 2.4 m

By applying Pythagoras Theorem in ABD, we get

AD2 = AB2 + BD2

(2.4)2 = (1.8)2 + BD2

BD2 = (2.4)2 - (1.8)2

BD2 = 5.76 - 3.24

BD2 = 2.52

BD = 1.59 m (Approx.)

Horizontal distance of the fly = 1.2 + BD = 1.2 + 1.59 = 2.79 m

Hence, the fly is at a horizontal distance of 2.79 m (approx. value) from Nazima.






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