Fast input and output in C++

In competitive programming fast execution, input and outputs matter a lot. Sometimes we need to enter only five numbers in the array and the other time there can be 10,000. These are the cases where fast I/O comes into the picture.

Now let us discuss some useful tips beneficial to avoid the TLE -

• For taking a value as input, the general format in C++ is -
  std::cin>>x; // x the value to be input
  The cin works better for a range of inputs but it is convenient to use -
  scanf('%d",&x); // x is the value to be input
  Similarly, for printing on the console we use -
  Std::cout<<x ; // x is the value to be printed
  The cout also works fine for limited numbers. The best practice is using-
  printf("%d", x); // x is the value to be printed
• To gain the same speed of scanf/printf with cin/cout. Add the below lines in the main function -
  ios_base::sync_with_stdio(false) - It toggles all the synchronization of all C++ with their respective C streams when called before cin/cout in a program. We make this function false(which is true earlier) to avoid any synchronization.
  cin. tie(NULL) - The function helps to flush all the std::cout before any input is taken. It is beneficial in interactive console programs in which the console is updated regularly but also slows down the program for larger values. NULL refers to returning a null pointer.
• Include a header file that contains all the others libraries. It is a standard header for the GNU C++ library. Including the below header file saves time and the effort to add a particular library for a data structure. For example, for declaring a map we need a

• It is advised to use "\n" for coming to the new line instead of endl.
  "\n" - Enters a new line
  endl - Enters a new line and flushes the stream
  Therefore,
  cout<<endl = cout<< "\n" << flush

Differences between "\n" and endl